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Citation

Oguttu DW, Nkolokosa C, Kiberu D, Odongo M, Besigye F, Juhasz A, Barungi W, Huyse T, Kabatereine NB, Tolo CU, Elliott AM, Webster BL & Stothard JR (2026) Longitudinal malacological monitoring, with a parasitological survey, reveals new schistosomiasis transmission foci in deforested sites in Western Uganda. BMC Environmental Science, 3, Art. No.: 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44329-026-00061-x

Abstract
Background In sub-Saharan Africa, the epidemiology of schistosomiasis, a waterborne parasitic disease, is often altered by environmental and land-use changes. In the upland area of Western Uganda, ongoing destruction of the Bugoma Forest is transforming many lotic freshwater habitats, potentially favouring intermediate hosts of schistosomes. We therefore undertook a longitudinal malacological monitoring study for Biomphalaria and Bulinus, keystone intermediate host snails, to describe actual or potential transmission of schistosomiasis. Methods Starting in June 2023, snail sampling was conducted regularly, every other month, at nine sites for eighteen months, until October 2024. To bolster this, an analysis of satellite imagery of vegetation and land-use change over the previous 20 years was undertaken. At each inspection site water temperature, conductivity and pH were noted, alongside on-site observations of human and animal activities. Snails were identified by morphology, with inspection for shedding Schistosoma cercariae, which were later identified by molecular analysis. Results Mean water temperature, conductivity and pH were 23.5 °C (±?1.8), 235.0?S (±?81.7) and 6.9 (±?0.3), respectively. A total of 2524 Biomphalaria snails at seven sites and 422 Bulinus snails at one site were examined. Abundance of Biomphalaria snails was greater (p?

Keywords
Molecular epidemiology; Bugoma forest; Deforestation; Biomphalaria; Bulinus; Invasive snails; Population displacements; Disease control

Journal
BMC Environmental Science: Volume 3

• Longitudinal malacological monitoring, with a parasitological survey, reveals new schistosomiasis transmission foci in deforested sites in Western Uganda